中文版 序言 大部分软件许可证决意剥夺你的共享和修改软件的自由。对比之下，GNU通用公共许可证力图保证你的共享和修改自由软件的自由。——保证自由软件对所有用户是自由的。GPL适用于大部分自由软件基金会的软件，与由用这类软件而承担义务的作者所开发的软件。（自由软件基金会的其他一些软件受GNU库通用许可证的保护）。你也可以将它用到你的程序中。 当大家谈到自由软件（free software）时，大家指的是自由而不是价格。 大家的GNU通用公共许可证决意保证你有发布自由软件的自由（假如你想，你可以对此项服务收取肯定的成本）；保证你能收到源程序或者在你需要时能得到它；保证你能修改软件或将它的一部分用于新的自由软件；而且还保证你了解你能做这类事情。 为了保护你的权利，大家需要作出规定：禁止其他人否认你的权利，或者需要你舍弃这类权利。假如你修改了自由软件或者发布了软件的副本，这类规定就转化为你的责任。 比如，假如你发布如此一个程序的副本，无论是收费的还是不收费的，你需要将你具备的所有权利给予你的同意者；你需要保证他们能收到或得到源程序；并且将这类条约给他们看，使他们了解他们有如此的权利。 大家采取两项手段来保护你的权利。 （1）给软件以版权保护。 （2）给你提供许可证。它给你复制，发布和修改这类软件的法律许可。 同样，为了保护每一个作者和大家自己，大家需要了解地让每一个人了解，自由软件没担保（no warranty）。假如因为其他某个人修改了软件，并继续加以传播。大家需要它的同意者了解：他们所得到的并非原来的自由软件。由别的人引入的任何问题，不应损害原作者的声誉。 最后，任何自由软件不断遭到软件专利的威胁。大家期望防止如此的风险，自由软件的再发布者以个人名义获得专利许可证。事实上，将软件变为私有。为预防这一点，大家需要明确：任何专利需要以允许每一个人自由用为首要条件，不然就不准许有专利。 下面是有关复制，发布和修改的确切的条约和条件。 GNU通用公共许可证 有关复制，发布和修改的条约和条件 0. 此许可证适用于任何包括版权所有者声明的程序和其他作品，版权所有者在声明中明确说明程序和作品可以在GPL条约的约束下发布。下面提到的“程序” 指的是任何如此的程序或作品。而“基于程序的作品”指的是程序或者任何受版权法约束的衍生作品。也就是说包括程序或程序的一部分的作品。可以是原封不动的，或经过修改的和／或翻译成其他语言的（程序）。在下文中，翻译包括在修改的条约中。每一个许可证同意人（licensee）用你来称呼。 许可证条约不适用于复制，发布和修改以外的活动。这类活动超出这类条约的范围。运行程序的活动不受条约的限止。仅当程序的输出构成基于程序作品的内容时，这一条约才适用（假如只运行程序就无关）。是不是常见适用取决于程序具体用来干什么。 1. 只须你在每一副本上明显和适合地出版版权声明和不 械５１５ 声明，维持此许可证的声明和没担保的声明完整无损，并和程序一块给每一个其他的程序同意者一份许可证的副本，你就能用任何媒体复制和发布你收到的原始的程序的源码。 你可以为出售副本的实质行动收取肯定成本。你也有权选择提供担保以换取肯定的成本。 2. 你可以修改程序的一个或几个副本或程序的任何部分，以此形成基于程序的作品。只须你同时满足下面的所有条件，你就能按前面第一款的需要复制和发布这一经过修改的程序或作品。 a） 你需要在修改的文件中附有明确的说明：你修改了这一文件及具体的修改日期。 b） 你需要使你发布或出版的作品（它包括程序的全部或一部分，或包括由程序的全部或部分衍生的作品）允许第三方作为整体按许可证条约免费用。 c） 假如修改的程序在运行时以交互方法读取命令，你需要使它在开始进入常规的交互用方法时打印或显示声明：包含适合的版权声明和没担保的声明（或者你提供担保的声明）；用户可以按此许可证条约重新发布程序的说明；并告诉用户怎么样看到这一许可证的副本。（例外的状况：假如原始程序以交互方法工作，它并不打印如此的声明，你的基于程序的作品也就不需要打印声明）。 这类需要适用于修改了的作品的整体。假如可以确定作品的一部分并不是程序的衍生商品，可以合理地觉得这部分是独立的，是不一样的作品。当你将它作为独立作品发布时，它不受此许可证和它的条约的约束。但当你将这部分作为基于程序的作品的一部分发布时，作为整体它将遭到许可证条约约束。准予其他许可证持有人的用法范围扩大到整个商品。也就是每一个部分，不管它是哪个写的。 因此，本条约的意图不在于索取权利；或剥夺全部由你写成的作品的权利。 而是履行权利来控制基于程序的集体作品或衍生作品的发布。 除此之外，将与程序无关的作品和该程序或基于程序的作品一块放在存贮体或发布媒体的同一卷上，并不致使将它他作品置于此许可证的约束范围之内。 3. 你可以以目的码或可实行形式复制或发布程序（或符合第2款的基于程序的作品），只须你遵守前面的第1，2款，并同时满足下列3条中的1条。 a）在一般用作软件交换的媒体上，和目的码一块附有机器可读的完整的网站源码。这类网站源码的发布应符合上面第1，2款的需要。或者 b）在一般用作软件交换的媒体上，和目的码一块，附有给第三方提供相应的机器可读的网站源码的书面价格。有效期不少于3年，成本低于实质完成源程序发布的实质本钱。网站源码的发布应符合上面的第1，2款的需要。或者 c）和目的码一块，附有你收到的发布网站源码的价格信息。（这一条约只适用于非商业性发布，而且你只收到程序的目的码或可实行代码和按b）款需要提供的价格）。 作品的网站源码指的是对作品进行修改最佳先择取的形式。对可实行的作品讲，完整的网站源码包含：所有模块的所有源程序，加上有关的接口的概念，加上控制可实行作品的安装和编译的script.作为特殊例外，发布的网站源码不必包括任何常规发布的供可实行代码在上面运行的操作系统的主要组成部分（如编译程序，内核等）。除非这类组成部分和可实行作品结合在一块。 假如使用提供对指定地址的访问和复制的方法发布可实行码或目的码，那样，提供对同一地址的访问和复制网站源码可以算作网站源码的发布，即便第三方不强求与目的码一块复制网站源码。 4. 除非你明确按许可证提出的需要去做，不然你不可以复制，修改，转发许可证和发布程序。任何试图用其他方法复制，修改，转发许可证和发布程序是无效的。而且将自动结束许可证赋予你的权利。然而，对那些从你那里按许可证条约得到副本和权利的大家，只须他们继续全方位履行条约，许可证赋予他们的权利仍然有效。 5. 你没在许可证上签字，因而你没必要肯定同意这一许可证。然而，没任何其他东西赋予你修改和发布程序及其衍生作品的权利。假如你不同意许可证，这类行为是法律禁止的。因此，假如你修改或发布程序（或任何基于程序的作品），你就表明你同意这一许可证与它的所有有关复制，发布和修改程序或基于程序的作品的条约和条件。 6. 每当你重新发布程序（或任何基于程序的作品）时，同意者自动从原始许可证颁发者那里接到受这类条约和条件支配的复制，发布或修改程序的许可证。你不能对同意者履行这里赋予他们的权利强加其他限制。你也没强求第三方履行许可证条约的义务。 7. 假如因为法院判决或违反专利的指控或任何其他缘由（不限于专利问题）的结果，强加于你的条件（无论是法院判决，协议或其他）和许可证的条件有冲突。他们也不可以用许可证条约为你开脱。在你不可以同时满足本许可证规定的义务及其他有关的义务时，作为结果，你可以根本不发布程序。比如，假如某一专利许可证不允许所有那些直接或间接从你那里同意副本的大家在不付专利费的状况下重新发布程序，唯一能同时满足两方面需要的方法是停止发布程序。 假如本条约的任何部分在特定的环境下无效或没办法推行，就用条约的其余部分。并将条约作为整体用于其他环境。 本条约的目的不在于引诱你侵犯专利或其他财产权的需要，或争论这种需要的有效性。本条约的主要目的在于保护自由软件发布系统的完整性。它是通过通用公共许可证的应用来达成的。很多人坚持应用这一系统，已经为通过这一系统发布很多自由软件作出慷慨的供献。作者／捐献者有权决定他／她是不是通过任何其他系统发布软件。许可证持有人不可以强制这种选择。 本节的目的在于明确说明许可证其余部分可能产生的结果。 8. 假如因为专利或者因为有版权的接口问题使程序在某些国家的发布和用遭到限止，将此程序置于许可证约束下的原始版权拥有者可以增加限止发布区域的条约，将这类国家明确排除在外。并在这类国家以外的区域发布程序。在这样的情况下，许可证包括的限止条约和许可证正文一样有效。 9. 自由软件基金会可能随时出版通用公共许可证的修改版或新版。新版和目前的版本在原则上维持一致，但在提到新问题时或有关事情时，在细节上可能出现差别。 每一版本都有不一样的版本号。假如程序指定适用于它的许可证版本号与“任何更新的版本”。你有权选择遵循指定的版本或自由软件基金会将来出版的新版本，假如程序未指定许可证版本，你可选择自由软件基金会已经出版的任何版本。 10. 假如你想将程序的一部分结合到其他自由程序中，而它们的发布条件不同。写信给作者，需要准予用。若是自由软件基金会加以版权保护的软件，写信给自由软件基金会。大家有时会作为例外的状况处置。大家的决定受两个主要目的的指导。这两个主要目的是：大家的自由软件的衍生作品继续维持自由状况。与从整体上促进软件的共享和重复借助。 没担保 11. 因为程序准予免费用，在适使用方法准许的范围内，对程序没担保。除非另有书面说明，版权所有者和／或其他提供程序的大家“一样”不提供任何种类的担保。不论是明确的，还是隐含的。包含但不限于隐含的适销和合适特定作用与功效的保证。全部的风险，如程序的水平和性能问题都由你来承担。假如程序出现缺点，你承担所有必要的服务，修复和改正的成本。 12. 除非适使用方法或书面协议的需要，在任何状况下，任何版权所有者或任何按许可证条约修改和发布程序的大家都不对你的损失负有任何责任。包含因为用或不可以用程序引起的任何普通的，特殊的，偶然发生的或重大的损失（包含但不限于数据的损失，或者数据变得不精确，或者你或第三方的持续的损失，或者程序不可以和其他程序协调运行等）。即便版权所有者和别的人提到这种损失的可能性也不例外。 最后的条约和条件 怎么样将这类条约用到你的新程序 假如你开发了新程序，而且你需要它得到公众最大限度的借助。要做到这一点的最好方法是将它变为自由软件。使得每一个人都能在遵守条约的基础上对它进行修改和重新发布。 为了做到这一点，给程序附上下列声明。最安全的方法是将它放在每一个源程序的开头，以便效果最好地传递拒绝担保的信息。每一个文件至少应有“版权所有” 行与在什么地方能看到声明全文的说明。 用一行空间给出程序的名字和它用来干什么的简单说明 版权所有（C） 19XX 作者名字 这一程序是自由软件，你可以遵照自由软件基金会出版的GNU通用公共许可证条约来修改和重新发布这一程序。或者用许可证的第二版，或者（依据你的选择）用任何更新的版本。 发布这一程序的目的是期望它有用，但没任何担保。甚至没合适特定目的的隐含的担保。更详细的状况请参阅GNU通用公共许可证。 你应该已经和程序一块收到一份GNU通用公共许可证的副本。假如还没，写信给： the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA02139, USA 还应加上怎么样和你维持联系的信息。 假如程序以交互方法进行工作，当它开始进入交互方法工作时，使它输出类似下面的简短声明： Gnomovision 第69版， 版权所有（C） 19XX， 作者名字，Gnomovision绝对没担保。 要了解详情，请输入‘show w‘.这是自由软件，欢迎你遵守肯定的条件重新发布它，要了解详情，请输入‘show c‘. 假设的命令‘show w‘和‘show c‘应显示通用公共许可证的相应条约。当然，你用的命令名字可以不同于‘show w‘和‘show c‘.依据你的程序的具体状况，也可以用菜单或鼠标选项来显示这类条约。 假如需要，你应该获得你的上司（假如你是技术员）或你的学校签署舍弃程序版权的声明。下面只不过一个例子，你应该改变相应的名字： Yoyodyne公司以此方法舍弃James Harker所写的 Gnomovision程序的全部版权利益。 1989.4.1 Ty coon付总裁 这一许可证不允许你将程序并入专用程序。假如你的程序是一个子程序库。 你或许会觉得用库的方法和专用应用程序连接更有用。假如这是你想做的事，用GNU库通用公共许可证代替本许可证。英文版 GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE Version 2, June 1991 Copyright （C） 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. Preamble the licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software——to make sure the software is free for all its users. This General Public License applies to most of the Free Software Foundation‘‘s software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it. （Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by the GNU Library General Public License instead.） You can apply it to your programs, too. When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software （and charge for this service if you wish）, that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things. 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For an executable work, complete source code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a special exception, the source code distributed need not include anything that is normally distributed （in either source or binary form） with the major components （compiler, kernel, and so on） of the operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component itself accompanies the executable. If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent access to copy the source code from the same place counts as distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not compelled to copy the source along with the object code. 4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance. 5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. therefore, by modifying or distributing the Program （or any work based on the Program）, you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it. 6. Each time you redistribute the Program （or any work based on the Program）, the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients‘‘ exercise of the rights granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to this License. 7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent infringement or for any other reason （not limited to patent issues）, conditions are imposed on you （whether by court order, aGREement or otherwise） that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely from distribution of the Program. If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances. It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free software distribution system, which is implemented by public license practices. Many people have made generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed through that system in reliance on consistent application of that system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot impose that choice. This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a consequence of the rest of this License. 8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original copyright holder who places the Program under this License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of this License. 9. the Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation. 10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally. NO WARRANTY 11. BECAUSE the PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR the PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OtheRWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE the PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, the IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. the ENTIRE RISK AS TO the QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME the cosplayT OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REP人工智能R OR CORRECTION. 12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OtheR PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE the PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR ConSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF the USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM （INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUST人工智能NED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A F人工智能LURE OF the PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS）, EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OtheR PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS How to Apply these Terms to Your New Programs If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the GREatest possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. Copyright （C） 19yy This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or（at your option） any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode: Gnomovision version 69, Copyright （C） 19yy name of author Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w‘‘. This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c‘‘ for details. the hypothetical commands `show w‘‘ and `show c‘‘ should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may be called something other than `show w‘‘ and `show c‘‘; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items——whatever suits your program. You should also get your employer （if you work as a programmer） or your school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names: Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program `Gnomovision‘‘ （which makes passes at compilers） written by James Hacker. 1, April 1989 Ty Coon, President of Vice This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General Public License instead of this License.
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