对外贸易经济合作部首席谈判代表 龙永图
1、世界贸易组织ABC:
什么是世界贸易组织?
What's the World Trade Organization?
答:世界贸易组织是世界上与众不同的处置国家之间贸易规则的世界性组织,其核心是世贸协议。
The World Trade Organization is the only international body dealing1 with the rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements.
其目的有3、
1.使贸易尽量的自由流动;
2.作为一个贸易谈判的平台;
3.争端解决。
WTO has three main purposes:
1. To help trade flow as freely as possible
2. To serve as a forum2 for trade negotiations3
3. To settle disputes
其原则有5、
1.非歧视;
2.更自由;
3.可预见;
4.更具角逐性;
5.更利于欠发达国家.
WTO的组织结构是什么样的?
部长级大会
Ministerial Conference
总理事会
General Council
委员会 货物贸易理事会 与贸易有关的常识产权理事会 服务贸易理事会
Committees Council for Trade Council for Trade-Related Council for Trade on in Goods Aspects of Intellectual in Services
关于:Property Rights
贸易与环境,
trade and environment
贸易与进步, 等
Trade and Development
诸边协议
Plurilaterals
注:总理事会其实是三位一体,即贸易政策审议机构、争端解决机构和总理事会。
GATT和WTO有什么区别在哪儿?
答:主要不同在于:
The main differences:
关贸总协定是临时的。从未得到成员立法机构的批准,也未包含创立一个机构的条约。
GATT was ad hoc and provisional. The General Agreement was never ratified4 in member's parliaments, and it contained no provisions for the creation of an organization.
世界贸易组织及世贸协议是永久性的。作为一个国际组织,世界贸易组织因为成员的立法机构批准了世贸协议,且世贸协议本身描述了世贸的运作方法,因而有了非常不错的法律基础。
The WTO and its agreements are permanent. As an international organization, the WTO has a sound legal basis because members have ratified the WTO agreements and the agreements themselves describe how the WTO is to function.
世贸有成员。关贸总协定有缔约方,强调了关贸总协定正式而言是一个法律文本。
The WTO has members. GATT had contracting parties, underscoring the fact that officially GATT was a legal text.
关贸总协定管的是货物贸易,世贸还管服务贸易和常识产权。
GATT dealt with trade in goods. The WTO covers services and intellectual property as well.
世贸争端解决体系较关贸总协定更飞速,更主动,其裁决不受阻挠。
The WTO dispute settlement system is faster, more automatic than the old GATT system. Its rulings cannot be blocked.
2、WTO小要点:
国民待遇给予外国人和本国人一样的待遇。
National treatmentgiving others the same treatment as one's own nationals
诸边协议指几个世贸成员之间,而非全体成员之间签署的协议,如《民用航空器协议》和《政府采购协议》 。
Plurilateralssigned by only a few WTO members rather than all
WTO历任总干事:
The directors-general of WTO
Peter Sutherland GATT 1993-1994; WTO 1995
彼得萨瑟兰 (爱尔兰),1993-1994年(GATT),1995年(WTO)
Renato Ruggiero 1995-1999
雷纳托鲁杰罗 (意大利) 1995-1999年
Director General in office: Mike Moore 1999-2001
现任: 迈克穆尔 (澳大利亚) 1999-2001年
综合支持总量是计算成员对于农业支持量(这种支持是要削减的)的一种计算办法,算出他们在1986-1988年基期,每年给农业部门的支持量。发达国家赞同从1995年起,用6年时间将这类数字降低20%。进步中国家用10年时间削减13%。最不发达国家不需要削减。
Total aggregate5 measurement of support or Total AMS a measurement calculating how much support is provided to the agricultural sector6 per year in the base years of 1986-1988. Developed countries have agreed to reduce these figures by 20% over six years starting in 1995. Developing countries are making 13% cuts over 10 years. Least developed countries do not need to make any cuts.
微量支持
WTO成员对于农业的一种支持,属黄箱政策,不需要被削减。由于它对农业的影响非常小。据世贸的《农业协定》对于发达国家而言,微量支持水平为低于一种商品生产总值的5%,对于非特定商品支持,为农业生产总值的5%;对于进步中国家,微量支持水平的最大值是10%